Theories of Criminal Behavior Essay example -- Sexual Offenders, Child

In this exposition, two hypotheses explicitly concentrating on sexual culpable against kids are looked at and basic assessed. Finkelhor’s (1984) Precondition model coordinates four basic factors that may clarify the event of youngster sexual maltreatment and classifies them into four preconditions: inspiration to affront, beating inward inhibitors, conquering outer inhibitors and defeating child’s obstruction that happen in a transient succession where each is fundamental for the other to create. The Precondition model gives a system to appraisal of youngster molesters however is censured for an absence of aetiological clarifications and for giving to little consideration to intellectual elements. Ward’s (2003) Pathways model propose that clinical marvels obvious among youngster sex guilty parties are produced by four unmistakable and cooperating components: closeness and social abilities shortages, contorted sexual contents, enthusiastic dysregulation and intell ectual mutilations where every system creates a particular offense pathway. The two hypotheses have been compelling in giving treatment objectives and educating clinical evaluation regarding kid sexual abusers. Finkelhorâ's precondition model (1984) is broadly perceived in the writing as a pivotal hypothesis in the way that it speaks to the primary endeavor at fusing multi-factorial clarifications to represent sexual culpable against kids (Howell, 1994; Marshal, 1996; Ward and Hudson, 1998). Finkelhor (1984) contends that kid attack is an unpredictable wonders brought about by an assortment of mental, sociological and social variables. So as to clarify contrasts inside culprits just as situational parts of the offense, Finkelhor (1984) proposes four preconditions that need to honey bee met in ... ...y of different broken instruments, or ‘pure’ pedophiles †those with an essential sexual enthusiasm for youngsters, comprising of people who representation components of the considerable number of pathways talked about above: degenerate sexual contents; misshaped thoughts regarding children’s sexuality; closeness shortfalls and; useless passionate guideline. Ward and Siegert (2002) contend that their endeavor to expand on existing hypothetical work, for example, Finkelhor’s (1984) Precondition model, the Pathway model establishes a multifactorial hypothesis clear in certainty that it tends to mental, logical and natural systems in its case that powerlessness to explicitly insult against a youngster starts from different learning, social and mental factors. Both of the models referenced above have some clinical utility and can be utilized in the appraisal and treatment of youngster molesters.

Health Benefits of the South Beach Diet Essay -- Health Nutrition Diet

Medical advantages of the South Beach Diet By advancing just sound nourishments and in constrained sums, the South Beach diet ends up being a compelling and safe way to weight reduction. South Beach licenses nourishments which are high in fiber and low in soaked fat, for example, entire grain rice, salmon and nuts. The eating regimen doesn't reject a specific class of food, fats or sugars for instance, however demands that nourishments high in cholesterol, for example, bacon, be stayed away from. However, this isn't the main limitation of the eating routine. South Beach likewise restricts the measure of food expended every day to 1,500 calories. In view of a normal every day admission of 2,000 calories, South Beach guarantees weight reduction by essentially diminishing the general measure of food (â€Å"2,000 Calories a Day†). In confining both undesirable nourishments and calorie admission, the South Beach diet demonstrates helpful to one’s wellbeing. The nourishments which South Beach permits advance wellbeing, not really weight reduction. The eating routine stresses the admission of every single sound food, some of which can really prompt weight gain. Starches, for instance, are put away in the body for extensive stretches of time as their unpredictable sugars are hard to separate. Since they are not immediately handled, they go to fat. A few starches; be that as it may, for example, wheat pasta and multigrain bread, are as yet supported as they contain supplements which help forestall sickness, for example, coronary illness. Phytochemicals, additionally found in carbs, have been demonstrated to help forestall malignant growth (â€Å"Atkins versus South Beach†). Notwithstanding permitting these basic carbs, South Beach limits nourishments high in immersed fat. Immersed fats are those which are absorbed singed oils, similar to bacon. These nourishments that contain this unfortunate kind of fat can obstruct veins which... ...s in picking nourishments valuable to one’s wellbeing also. The two South Beach cutoff points of amount and quality work connected at the hip towards soundness. The limitations of what nourishments are permitted guarantee the utilization of supplements required in the body and forestall the utilization of nourishments which might be hurtful. The calorie confinements help in both wellbeing and weight reduction as they support more advantageous nourishments lower in soaked fat. The South Beach diet along these lines ends up being a perfect instrument with regards to shedding pounds and remaining sound. Sources Cited: â€Å"2,000 Calories a Day the Easy Way† <http://www.caloriecontrol.org/menuechart.html> November 27, 2004 â€Å"Atkins versus South Beach: How the Hottest Diets Measure Up† <http://www.atkins-diet.cc/Article36.phtml> November 10, 2004 â€Å"South Beach Diet† <http://sout-sea shore diet.locolo.com/> November 28, 2004

Free Essays on Indian Concert

â€Å"The Heartthrobs† I love tuning in to music at the same time, I don’t truly realize how to make music since, I don’t realize how to play any kind of instrument. The vast majority of all, I love shows as a result of the live melodic exhibitions and an opportunity to encounter music by and large. I have been to a few shows throughout my life at the same time, there was one that has been the best experience up to this point and that was the latest. â€Å"The Heartthrobs† isn't a music gathering be that as it may, it is a name given to various types of artists and instrument players from India. The names of these performers are as per the following: Hrithik Roshan, Kareina Kapoor, Karishma Kapoor, Arjun Rampal, Rajeshwari, and Aftab Shivdasani. These Indian VIPs take a presentation visit each year to numerous nations, for example, United States, Canada, United Kingdom, and Australia. â€Å"The Heartthrobs† act in pretty much every state in the United States in the event that so mebody is happy to support them and suit them well. This year on September first they acted in the theater of Pike High School since one of the individuals in Pike Township was eager to support them. My schoolmate Kashyap Patel and I stepped up to the plate and go to this show in light of the fact that the two of us are attached to these VIPs and their music. I had an inclination, numerous individuals were going to come at the same time, the group was tremendously greater than I had anticipated that it should be. I felt as though I had very belittled the prevalence of these famous people abroad. It was truly packed and actually an issue to get inside the theater. In any case, all in however everything merited the show on the grounds that the show itself was magnificent and it was one of the most elating things that I had done in my life. The melodic presentation was stunning. Obviously, I had heard all the tunes previously however there were two tunes I hadn’t heard. I can inclined to the melodies of a minimal plate at the same time, any individual who has encountered unrecorded music at a show will have the option to disclose to you the ex... Free Essays on Indian Concert Free Essays on Indian Concert â€Å"The Heartthrobs† I love tuning in to music in any case, I don’t truly realize how to make music since, I don’t realize how to play any kind of instrument. The vast majority of all, I love shows as a result of the live melodic exhibitions and an opportunity to encounter music by and large. I have been to two or three shows throughout my life in any case, there was one that has been the best experience hitherto and that was the latest. â€Å"The Heartthrobs† isn't a music gathering at the same time, it is a name given to various types of performers and instrument players from India. The names of these artists are as per the following: Hrithik Roshan, Kareina Kapoor, Karishma Kapoor, Arjun Rampal, Rajeshwari, and Aftab Shivdasani. These Indian superstars take a presentation visit each year to numerous nations, for example, United States, Canada, United Kingdom, and Australia. â€Å"The Heartthrobs† act in pretty much every state in the United States in the event that somebody is happy to support them and suit them well. This year on September first they acted in the theater of Pike High School since one of the individuals in Pike Township was happy to support them. My schoolmate Kashyap Patel and I stepped up and go to this show on the grounds that the two of us are partial to these superstars and their music. I had an inclination, numerous individuals were going to come at the same time, the group was gigantically greater than I had anticipated that it should be. I felt as though I had very disparaged the prevalence of these big names abroad. It was truly packed and actually a problem to get inside the assembly hall. Be that as it may, all in yet everything merited the show in light of the fact that the show itself was great and it was one of the most elating things that I had done in my life. The melodic exhibition was stunning. Obviously, I had heard all the tunes previously however there were two melodies I hadn’t heard. I can leaned to the tunes of a smaller plate at the same time, any individual who has encountered unrecorded music at a show will have the option to reveal to you the ex...

Love What are your thoughts on the Futurist Manifesto - how do you see Personal Statement

Love What are your considerations on the Futurist Manifesto - how would you see it in the work of art they created - Personal Statement Example Marinetti began the statement by portraying the new versus the old. He (6) exemplifies different places and machines in the new age time frame and contrasts them and the old ones. In one of his remarks in the book,he states that the â€Å"the old perspectives are gone,defeated at last†. He (12) gave a case of denouncing all exhibition halls and institutes and contrasting them and burial grounds that are not worth concentrating on. To be sure Marinettis pronouncement was a lot of rebel. Moreover,he urged risky techniques to accomplish magnificence as he accepted that there was no battle without excellence. In addition,he This shows how Marinettis words were, to be sure commanding. Marinetti alongside other artists(22) around him expounded on writing, music, move, execution, works of art and design. All that repeated a related of thoughts which resonated through the large numbers of all types of craftsmanship articulation in the twentieth century(26). His projection of words in his book resembles an automatic rifle in real life of discharging shots. I can explain his composing strategy as both visual and sonic. The strategies obscure the marginal measurement where a synesthesia is evoked,making an all the more ace establishing sway on the Italian individuals. The partition of the futurism development from the past workmanship development is the emphasis on outward understanding. That is the thing that Marinetti development was about. Thusly, individuals who see his work ought to comprehend the advantage of outer factors in life like battle and upheaval without overlooking the interior variables

14

Regular Action Decisions Saturday 3/14 We are pleased to announce that MIT Regular Action admissions decisions will be made available online on Saturday, March 14 at 2:00 PM EDT actually, well probably have decisions posted a minute before 2pm. What is the process for receiving my admissions decision? Receiving your decision online is as easy as pi. When decisions are released Saturday at 1:59pm, simply visit decisions.mit.edu and log in using the same username and password that you use to log into your MyMIT account. There are no interim screens, so you should be sure you are ready to receive your decision online before logging in to decisions.mit.edu. Admissions decisions will be available exclusively online. (Following the release of admissions decisions, we will be mailing necessary materials to admitted students.) To ensure that you will receive a decision online, please visit decisions.mit.edu and enter your username and password. Decisions.mit.edu will be available this week for applicants to confirm their login ability and decision eligibility. What if Ive forgotten my MyMIT password? You may use our automated system to reset it. Simply visit my.mit.edu and click on the lost password link in the orange log-in box on the left. If youre having trouble using our automated username/password recovery process, or if youve forgotten your username, please email [emailprotected] with your full name and mailing address. Well use this information to locate you in our system and reset your password within a few days. What if I dont have a MyMIT account? This year, we will only be announcing decisions online, so if you havent created a MyMIT account, make sure to create one so you can find out your admissions decision. If you do not currently have a MyMIT account and you wish to receive your decision online, you will need to register for one using your MIT ID. If you register without your MIT ID, your username and password may not work on decisions.mit.edu. I wish you all the best! Post Tagged #Pi Day #Regular Action

Short Answer Questions Writing

Table of contents 1. How to Write Short Answer Questions 2. Types of Short Answer Questions 3. Typical Mistakes 4. Order Custom Written SAQs 5. FAQ How to Write Short Answer Questions Most students struggle when they take an exam due to a lack of preparation. But if you take the time to understand what the particular exam entails whether it is a multiple-choice type or short essay questions you can gain a major edge going into test day. This particular article focuses on how to write short answer questions(SAQs) from the perspective of your professor's expectations. While every professor has their own particular ideas about how to answer short response questions, these short answer test tips should work in most cases. Keep in mind that in order to succeed at any test, you should attend all lectures, take good notes, read all of the class materials, ask questions when something is unclear, and never wait until the night before the exam to start studying. If you develop good study habits, you will find yourself on the right track and ready to conquer any exam. Let us take another look at the short-answer exam. To being with, a short-answer exam really is what it means: a series of short response questions that require a concise answer and nothing more. They can often be answered in a couple of words or a phrase, a short numerical answer, or even through a basic graph. Some professors penalize their students if their answer is overly long. But most of them are more concerned with the answers being correct. When taking the exam, you want to use caution regarding length. If you take 5 sentences to answer a question that could easily be answered in 2, and any of that additional information is incorrect, you are certain to lose points. Rule of thumb: only include extra info if you are positive that it can improve your score. Types of Short Answer Questions Now let us take a look at the six most common short-answer question prompts: define, explain, give an example, relate, calculate, make a graph. If you familiarize yourself with them, you can learn how to write short answer questions. Define This is self-explanatory: all that is required is to provide a definition of a term or idea. Example: What is the capital gains tax? Answer: It is the tax levied on profits realized on the sale of stocks and other non-inventory assets. Explain... Simply provide an explanation for why an idea or concept is true or how an object or process works. Example: Why does the demand for luxury goods increase as the price increases? Answer: Because there is a certain prestige attached to attaining something that the average person could never afford. Give an Example... For this, simply provide an example of one or several specific occurrences of an idea or concept. Example: Give two examples of pairs of goods that serve as near perfect substitutes. Answer: Orange juice and apple juice. Butter and margarine. Relate... For this, simply discuss how two or more concepts or objects are related. Is one different from the other? If so, how? Are they perfectly alike? Does one represent the other in some way? (Note: students typically find this type of question to be the most challenging) Example: Why would a rise in the price of sugar lead to an increase in the sales of honey? Answer: When the price of a product goes up, people will seek out a substitute that more or less services the same purpose. In this case, a rise in sugar prices should lead to higher sells of honey, assuming the price of honey remained unaffected. Calculate... For this, you need to apply some mathematics. Example: Tom and Sally own a coffee shop that makes delicious nut bread. They need to buy flour, which costs $2 per pound and nuts, which cost $1.50 per pound. They have $68 in their budget. The weight of the nuts should be four times that of the flour.Answer: f = flour (pounds), n = nuts (pound) f = 4n, 2f + 1.5n = 68, 2(4n) + 1.5n = 68, 9.5n = 68, n 7.16 Make a Graph... This requires a basic graph with clearly labeled axes and curves. Unless the question asks for written explanation, it is not necessary to provide one. Example: Draw a supply/demand curve. Typical Mistakes Do not make the mistake of providing an answer to one type of question if you are being asked a different type. For example, if it is an explanation question, don't provide a definition instead even if your answer is technically correct since that is not the question you are being asked. Professors dock points for that no matter how beautiful your answer might be. A few final short answer test tips. Make sure you are not accidentally answering only part of a question. In a rush to get their exams completed, a lot of students might overlook the fact that a certain question has two or more steps. This is particularly true if you are calculating formulas. You might solve part of an equation (such as quantity maximization) but forget to also calculate price as required in the question. Likewise, if the question specifically asks you for more than one example, do not settle for just one (unless, of course, you are unable to think up a second example, but even then you should try). Even if you are not sure how to write short answer questions in some cases, never leave the question blank. Always write down something because you at least stand a chance of getting partial credit. On the other hand, not providing any kind of answer is the surefire way to get a zero for that particular question. If you have no time for writing academic assignments, you can order custom written papers from EliteWritings.com

Improving Critical Thinking Skills For Elementary Students

Improving Critical Thinking Skills in Elementary Students Amber Lynn Taylor COE 501-Introduction to Research and Evaluation in Education Summer 2015 Dr. Pamela Hodges Kulinna Improving Critical Thinking Skills in Elementary Students It is essential for students in elementary school to acquire the skills that will allow them to be better critical thinkers. School and Classroom Context My school starts at K4 (having the ability to educate 4 year old students in Kindergarten) and continues to educate children through their 12th year through a virtual charter school out of Pennsylvania. There are 10,389 students enrolled. Of those, 9% are American Indian/Alaska, 1.2% are Asian, 8.2% are African American, 2.7% are Hispanic, 4.5% are Multi-Racial, 83% are White, and 0.6% are Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander. Out of our students, 53.5% are female and 46.5% are male. We currently have 2.5% of our students being served in a gifted program. Our dropout rate is at 3.5% which I believe to be fairly good considering many students come to us after dropping out of their original school. We serve 0.07% as English language learners and 14.57% receive Special Education Services. Overall we have an economically disadvantaged percentage of 24. We do offer Title 1 services to students that are in need. Currently, 100% of our classes are taught by highly qualified teachers in their field. Our school has not done so well in particular in the areas ofShow MoreRelatedPersuasive Speech : School Officials Should Focus And Advocate For Visual And Music Art Based Programs1516 Words   |  7 Pagespresentation is to persuade my audience that school officials should focus on and advocate for visual and music art based programs, making them a continued part of the school curricula because such programs facilitate the learning process for all students and should never be eliminated. Also, art based programs provides a well-rounded education and levels the playing field for at risk youths that are socioeconomic disadvantaged. Reports conducted points to improvement in mathematics, science, andRead MoreA Research Paper on Remedial Program1649 Words   |  7 PagesEFFECTS OF REMEDIALPROGRAM ON THE READING LEVELS OF SOME GRADE ONE STUDENTS WITH SPECIAL NEEDS Cebu Normal University October 2010 Mimieluz B. Patià ±o Venus Calinog Erlinda P. Inot Research Abstract Research Abstract TITLE:EFFECTS OF REMEDIAL PROGRAM ON THE READING LEVELS OF SOME GRADE ONE STUDENTS WITH SPECIAL NEEDS AUTHORS: Mimieluz B. Patià ±o Venus Calinog Erlinda P. Inot SCHOOL: Master of Arts in Education with the field of specialization in English Language Teaching STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMRead MoreTeacher Professional Development and Student Achievement Gains1468 Words   |  6 PagesTeacher Professional Development and Student Achievement Gains The achievement of students results from the work of knowledgeable, experienced, and skilled teachers. Therefore, there is a need to improve the knowledge and skills of teachers to ensure that the achievement of students is possible. Investment in education must include allocation of funds and time for professional development of teachers in elementary education. There are many options in developing the skills and knowledge of teachers. TheRead MoreTeaching Methods Academic Achievement And Influence Attitudes911 Words   |  4 Pagesmaster s thesis, Atatà ¼rk ÃÅ"niversity, Erzurum. Alhileh Nofal (2007). The effect of the web quest strategy on improving the critical thinking and achievement of educational sciences faculty (UNRWA) Students’ in the teaching of thinking course. Journal of Research on Technology in Education, 37(2), 161-175. Auditor, E., Roleda, L. (2014). The WebQuest: Its impact on students’ critical thinking, performance, and perceptions in physics. International Journal of Research Studies in Educational TechnologyRead MoreCareer Development Of The Healthcare Industry971 Words   |  4 Pagesreturning to school after decades away to complete their degrees to be competitive in their industry, gain valuable skills, or even change careers. While enjoying a successful career in healthcare for more than three decades disqualifies me as a typical new graduate, growth, development, and career mobility requires an attitude and commitment of being a lifetime learner. Critical Thinking and Problem Solving Without doubt, technology and innovation have touched nearly every industry; however, nowhereRead MoreDon t Worry, It s Of A Mexican Restaurant With Her Monolingual Daughter1346 Words   |  6 Pagestongue. Little does the daughter know, but her mother is not only fluent in English—but in xenophobia as well. Many Americans see no point in bilingual elementary education because they view math, reading, and appeasing the system to be of higher value. However, learning a foreign language in elementary school takes advantage of the human critical period for language acquisition, meets other countries in their education systems—catching the United States up with the rest of the developed world, andRead MoreStrategic Plan For East Noble School Corporation1370 Words   |  6 PagesEast Noble School Corporation is located in Kendallville, IN. The corporation consists of one high school, one middle school, and five elementary schools. The current Strategic Plan for ENSC is f or the years spanning 2013 to 2017. The ENSC Strategic Plan has three main goals: 1. East Noble School Corporation will expand students’ educational experiences with diverse learning opportunities to ensure preparation for their successful future. 2. Establish the culture of community ownership in EastRead More Critical Thinking, Problem Solving, and Learning Development2109 Words   |  9 Pages Critical thinking and problem solving are skills required to increase the growth in children’s learning and development, especially if our goal is to prepare a community of effective life-long learners. Researchers find that the definitions of each of these skills vary among the education community, but the necessity of student acquisition of these skills is demanded in the learning process. Critical thinking and problem solving offer an extensive, fundamental skill to the educating of childrenRead More Educational Philosophy Statement Essay1327 Words   |  6 Pagesthe people it is aimed for, which is the students. Over the last few years, I have developed a philosophy that I strongly believe in, because it has proven itself to me, and I want to prove it to others. The philosophy I have developed is that education is t he key that opens the doors of opportunity and every student needs to understand the opportunities that await them with an education no matter who they may be. First, who are the students? The students are a group of individuals who lack knowledgeRead MoreResearch Summary : School Supplies In The Classroom1517 Words   |  7 Pagesthe instructor’s wallet themselves Elementary school teachers spend more money on school supplies for their students than middle school teachers 81% of schools lacked Common Core materials for reading, and 64% of schools lacked Common Core materials for mathematics Connection This can be directly connected to my campaign for change as I can use this information to estimate which students in public schools need school supplies the most. I have learned that elementary school teachers spend more money

Things Fall Apart By Chinua Achebe - 1341 Words

Things Fall Apart, by Chinua Achebe, is set in Nigeria during the 1890’s. The novel focuses on the clash between Nigeria’s white government and the culture of the Igbo people. Learning to Bow: Inside the Heart of Japan, by Bruce Feiler, covers Feiler’s journey to Japan to teach English and American culture for a year in the 1980’s. Throughout each novel, the reader is presented many different elements of each societies beliefs and culture. The central conflict surrounding each novel involves one unique, isolated, culture attempting to keep its traditions in a time where Western culture is demanding a change. Things Fall Apart and Learning to Bow: Inside the Heart of Japan, discuss the effect of two unfamiliar cultures on each other when cohabitation takes place. Things Fall Apart deals with tension about whether or not change should be accepted over tradition. Okonkwo resisting the new political and religious orders shows the tension change provides. He f eels that the new orders are not manly and that he himself will not be manly if he consents to join them. In some way, Okonkwo’s intransigence to the new orders revolves around his placement among society. His sense of self-worth is dependent upon the traditional hierarchy by which society places him. Okonkwo is placed at the top of the hierarchy, and if he were to embrace Christianity, he would then be on the same level as the outcasts of society. Many of the clan’s outcasts were inspired to embrace Christianity as aShow MoreRelatedThings Fall Apart By Chinua Achebe1415 Words   |  6 Pagesbook Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe does just that. This book should be taught in schools because it shows the values and traditions of Achebe’s Igbo culture, persistently teaches life lessons throughout the book, and shows the darker reality of European colonialism in Africa. Chinua Achebe is known as one of the most influential and famous authors to ever write. Chinua Achebe originates from an Igbo background and he expresses that through his writings very well including Things Fall ApartRead MoreThings Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe1324 Words   |  6 Pages Chinua Achebe chose to write his novels in English to reveal a deep response of his people to colonisation and to make that response understood to people all over the world. Things Fall Apart was written in English to teach people worldwide of the struggles he faced and the people of Nigeria faced growing up. Many authors and critics have written about Achebe’s ‘Things fall apart’ adding their valued opinion on what he was trying to say and his decision to write in English. In the followingRead MoreThings Fall Apart By Chinua Achebe Essay1203 Words   |  5 Pages who took their land for monetary gain. This was a dark period of time for Africans that live there. The U.S. Civil War and The Great Depression both can be related, in this instance, to how down their people were because of what happened. Chinua Achebe said it best, â€Å"I would be quite satisfied if my novels...did no more than teach my readers of their past...was not a long night of savagery from which the first European acting on God’s behalf delivered them†(qtd. in â€Å"Morning Yet† 45). In theRead MoreThings Fall Apart By Chinua Achebe1452 Words   |  6 Pagesassume control over the Roman Empire. However, imperialism in Africa remained a recorded element from 1750 to 1945. This paper visits how control and changes were influences over the Africans during this time period as seen through Chinua Achebe’s novel Things Fall Apart. (UKEssays, 2015) Europe was experiencing a few financial and political changes that forced the major European forces to investigate abroad regions to add to their resources during the seventeenth century. In order for the EuropeanRead MoreThings Fall Apart By Chinua Achebe2361 Words   |  10 PagesThings Fall Apart Book Critique Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe is a historical fiction novel describing the life of Okonkwo in a Nigerian village succumbing to European ways, in order to portray Achebe’s view on imperialism. It was chosen for us to read by our teacher because it describes imperialism and its effects in an Ibo village of Nigeria. It also shows the treatment of natives by the Europeans and how the natives reacted. Things Fall Apart is useful to our course of studies because itRead MoreThings Fall Apart By Chinua Achebe1265 Words   |  6 PagesThings Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe is markedly relevant to our current course of studies in World History, as it tells a story based on European Imperialism in Africa. Coming off the heels of our Imperialism unit, this post-colonial novel provides very helpful context on different civilizations’ perspectives throughout the Age of Imperialism; aside from analyzing death tolls, descriptions of conflicts, and names of countries, it was previousl y hard to envision what life was actually like during thatRead MoreThings Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe 735 Words   |  3 PagesThings fall apart. Achebe. Ernest Gaines once said, â€Å"I write to try to find out who I am. One of my main themes is manliness. I think Im trying to figure out what manliness really is.† Indeed, every society or culture has its own understanding of an ideal man. Even though these characteristics are different in various parts of the world, the significance of masculinity can never be overestimated. â€Å"Things Fall Apart† by Chinua Achebe is considered as one of the best examples of a riseRead MoreThings Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe692 Words   |  3 Pagesthe way to go. Through commercial trading Islam spread into Igboland, and this led to more Igbo people leaving the Igbo way of life for another, whether it be Islam or Christianity which divide the country in two. In the novel Things Fall Apart written by Chinua Achebe British colonialism and the migration of Muslims to Nigeria led to the change in the faith, social and economic changes in the Igbo society. Traditional Igbo faith believes that there is only one creator or god known as ChinekeRead MoreThings Fall Apart By Chinua Achebe897 Words   |  4 PagesIn the novel, â€Å"Things Fall Apart† by Chinua Achebe the Igbo tradition revolves around structured gender role. Everything essential of Igbo life is based on their gender, which throughout the novel it shows the role of women and the position they hold, from their role in the family household, also planting women crops, to bearing children. Although the women were claimed to be weaker and seemed to be treated as objects, in the Igbo culture the women still provided qualities that make them worthyRead MoreThings Fall Apart By Chinua Achebe Essay1851 Words   |  8 Pageschoice and styles are critical not only to the reader’s understanding of the text but to his appreciation as well. How language is effectively manipulated in their writings enhances the reader’s valuing of the works. The selected novel Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe is a representation of Igbo culture and their language. It explores the life of an Igbo tribe at the time of when colonization hit Africa. It could be considered as a post-colonial text, as the protagonist of the story and the other

A Summary of the Libertarian Party Platform

Like most political platforms, the Libertarian party platform is vague and abstract. It also tends to be a little bit utopian in its approach, and this can make it difficult to ascertain where the party stands on specific issues facing the country at any given time. Libertarian Party Platform Fiscal policy:  The Libertarian party opposes taxation in pretty much all forms, and it deals with the revenue loss by opposing entitlement programs across the board. This means that people keep more of what they earn, but it also means that there is no social safety net. Ambitious, sweeping proposals — such as universal pre-kindergarten and universal health care — are obviously not compatible with this objective.Corporations:  The party would eliminate all federal subsidies to private corporations, as well as all antitrust laws.Public services: The Libertarian party would like to eliminate the U.S. Postal Service. It wants to transfer all government services, from public schools to landfills, to private ownership.Property rights:  The party would restrict the public domain to immediate public use and sell or give away most public property to private owners.Criminal justice: It would eliminate all anti-drug laws and legalize prostitution, as well as end random pol ice roadblocks.Free speech:  The party would abolish the FCC and allow private ownership of broadcast frequencies. It opposes all restriction of free speech, including that in the name of national security.Church and state:  The Libertarian party calls for reduced IRS regulation and monitoring of tax-exempt churches.The Second Amendment:  The party strongly opposes all gun control, as well as regulation of alternative weapon technologies, such as mace and tasers.  The draft: It calls for the abolition of the Selective Service System and amnesty for any citizen who has ever resisted the draft.Reproductive rights:  The Libertarian party is pro-choice. It opposes all federal funding of abortion and most federal entitlements for women who choose to carry their pregnancies to term, including the child tax credit. it opposes involuntary or fraudulent sterilization.LGBT rights: The party opposes the dont ask, dont tell doctrine. It believes that marriage is a private contract, an d as such, it should yield no government benefits regardless of the gender of the partners.Immigrants rights: The Libertarian party argues that borders should be open but surveilled. Everyone who does not pose a threat to public health or national security should be allowed to enter the country legally. It would deny all federal benefits to undocumented immigrants.

The Most Famous Pieces Of Music - 1100 Words

Austria Research Paper Introduction Austria is a very beautiful place with kind people and a very good history in music. It is often known as the music capital because of the musical geniuses who have worked there, including Beethoven, Mozart and Strauss(biography). Some of the most famous pieces of music were written in Austria including Silent Night and Edelweiss. Austria is located in Europe and its capital is Vienna(Austria). Austria has one of the most stable economies in Europe. Austria has unique qualities such as its geography, history, culture, economy, and its current events. Geography, Climate, and Location The climate, geography, and location in Austria is unique. In the East, there are hot summers and moderately cold†¦show more content†¦She was an archduchess, and a Holy Roman Empress. Joseph II was another important leader. He was also a Holy Roman Emperor who tried to strengthen the Habsburg empire with his enlightened reforms, but his people opposed his changes very fiercely(biography). Austria had multiple big wars, but one of the wars they fought in was the war of the Austrian succession. It began on August 16, 1740. Frederick II of Prussia invaded Silesia, one of Habsburg’s richest provinces. His armies defeated the Austrians at Mollwitz in April 1441 and overran Silesia. This proved what the other European countries believed, that Silesia could not defend themselves. This ensured that the war would become general. Within a month, France had constructed an alliance with Bavaria and Spain and, later, with Saxony and Prussia agains t Austria. Maria Theresa derived her main support from Britain fearing that if France took Hegemony in Europe, the British colonial and commercial empire would be insupportable(britannica). Austria declared independence by concluding the Austrian State Treaty with the Four Occupying Powers. Culture Austria have a very kind culture. They have nice holidays, they have a functioning government, and they have good food. Some major holidays in Austria are Three Kings day, Easter, All Saints Day, St. Nicholas day, and Christmas. Three King’s day is a celebration that most Christians celebrate, but only a

Paying Student Athletes Free Essays

Imagine this; Mr. Perfect, a highly successful college football student-athlete, is shattering every record once held in the sport. He is on the cover of ESPN and SI magazine. We will write a custom essay sample on Paying Student Athletes or any similar topic only for you Order Now His face is plastered on televisions nationwide. Everyone knows his face and name. He has all the fame that he dreamed of, but he has no money. NCAA rules state that no student-athlete can obtain a job. His full ride scholarship, after classes and books, barely leaves him with money to take care of necessities. An alumna of the school and huge fan helps him out and gives him $500 as a gift. The NCAA finds out and Bam! The school is hit with fines and can’t compete in any bowl games for two years, so much for the undefeated season. Also, he is banned from the sport in any NCAA regulated school. Mr. Perfect, being a sophomore, has one year left before he can enter the draft. Now, instead of being a sure shot first round draft, he may drop to third round at best. That’s millions of dollars lost because of a $500 gift. The team suffers, the school suffers, and he suffers. Incidents, such as the one above, happens every now and again in college sports. College athletes are not allowed to accept gifts, obtain jobs during the school year, or use their image and likeness in any way for monetary gain. This leaves many student athletes well known, yet well broke. Many student-athletes, especially those who play sports that generate millions of dollars in revenue, wonder why they can’t be compensated for their efforts. Student athletes should be compensated to help support their living expenses while attending college. College football and basketball produces the most revenue than any other college sport. According to Gibson (2013), â€Å"College basketball and football together generate more than $6 billion in annual revenue†¦two years ago, the NCAA and CBS/Turner Sports agreed on a $10. 8 billion deal to broadcast March Madness basketball games until 2024. † With all the monies that are generated from these sports, not one cent has been paid out to the student-athlete. Montopoli (2013), reports that the top university’s athletes are being denied $6. 2 billion from 2011-2015 and that combined the athletes had a fair market value of roughly $2 million above their college scholarships. That is highway robbery and unfair to the athletes who risk everything on the football field or basketball court. College coaches, some of which are averaging about three to four million per year, are making more than the athletic director and even the president of the university while the student-athletes are putting their health and safety on the line with nothing in return. Imagine struggling to buy clothes and shoes, walking to practice, to see Coach Richman pulling up in a Bentley. With the revenue that’s being generated, many injured student-athletes could use a part of it to help pay for treatment. While the NCAA requires the student-athletes to have some type of insurance, unclear standards and confusion as to the conditions of the insurance, leaves the student-athlete responsible for most, if not all of the medical bills (Peterson, 2009). Some colleges, mostly the major division 1 colleges, pay for injuries while the student-athlete is attending college. After college, the athlete is left fending for his/her self. An injury to the student-athlete can void their scholarship as well. Scholarships are renewed year to year. Therefore if an athlete is injured severely, his/her scholarship may not be renewed, leaving the student with unpaid tuition and medical bills. Also, colleges input loopholes so the medical payout is not detrimental. There are documented cases in which the college labeled the conditions an â€Å"illness† and not a sports-related injury, which left the student-athlete in debt with medical bills. A similar case like this happened to a Colgate University crew member (Peterson, 2009). Ignorance to the consent forms being signed has proved detrimental to the student as well. Now imagine that injured student-athlete at home with a pile of medical bills, no longer attending the university that he once adored, playing a video game that’s using his image and likeness. He wonders why he can’t receive a share of the monies profited from the sell of the game. He’s not alone. Many student-athletes do not know that they sign away their right to profit from their image or likeness when they enter into NCAA sports. In fact, the very same rights that the student-athlete releases are now owned by the NCAA and its licensees. Meaning, the NCAA and its licensees can do whatever it feels with your image and likeness to turn a profit for them. Former college athletes recently put together a federal class-action lawsuit against the NCAA stating that the use of their image or likeness is infringing their rights. Also, stating that the NCAA forces the athletes to sign away their rights in order to play college sports. This happens year after year due to the fact that college athlete are not properly informed of their legal rights. A survey was taken and according to Wolverton (2011), 97 percent of respondents liked being featured in video games, and two-thirds believed that the way the NCAA and video-game companies used their image or likeness was fair. But only 33 percent believed that their athletic scholarship was sufficient payment for the use of their image or likeness. If these student-athletes don’t know what they are signing the outcome could be critical. Now the college athlete can’t be in a commercial, sell any memorabilia, be paid to attend or speak at functions or anything that would result in the athlete earning a little cash to make ends meet during the academic year. He/she has basically become a slave to the NCAA. These student ‘slaves’ are being misguided under the ‘free ride’ scholarship. As a matter of fact, a Division 1 athletes winds up having to pay about $3,000 in school related expenses not covered by grants-in-aid, Associated Press (2010). That is just school related expenses, now factor in personal expenses and the number could easily double. With room and board, parking fees, etc. being covered by the student-athlete, the result of this can lead to multiple athletes risking everything to obtain money from anywhere they can. Sports agents feed off of this urge and capitalize on the opportunity to have a star student-athlete in their pocket. In conclusion, paying the student-athletes a small amount of the profit can have a huge benefit. Athletes will be able to take care of personal and school expenses. Also, they will be hesitant to accept monies from an outside source which can result in suspensions or infractions. If an agreement can’t be reached with student-athletes receiving a stipend, the athletes should be able to market themselves through commercials or in any other way that they can benefit from the use of their image or likeness that’s not negative. With the hard work, dedication, and sacrifice that these student-athletes invest into their sport, some form of financial compensation should be awarded to them. How to cite Paying Student Athletes, Essays

Comparing The Giver and Farenheight 451 comparison Essay Example For Students

Comparing The Giver and Farenheight 451 comparison Essay compare contrast essays Comparing The Giver and Farenheight 451 Here are two societies. One is the society in The Giver; there is no war, crime, and hunger. Every person has a job although the job is assigned by government. Another society is the one in Farenheight 451. Firemen are people whose job is to hunt down and burn books in the society. Both of the two societies are not normal. There are some similarities and differences between The Giver and Farenheight 451. First, there are main characters that have similar characteristics in two societies. In The Giver Jonas does not easily accept rules of the society since he wanders between the truth and rules of the community. Montag, the main character in Farenheight 451, is a book-burning fireman. One day he decided read the books which he burns. As a result, he steals some books and hides them in his home in violation of the rules of the community. Secondly, people in both of the two societies do not think the past seriously because the past has just passed. In The Giver people do not want to remind of a little dead boy in their mind. Also, people in Farenheight 451 do not read a book since the book such as biography of David Carperfield makes people remind of the past. However, an impression people can get from those two forms are quite different since one is a written book whereas the other is film. Written words have obvious and clear meanings so that readers can have crystal clear feelings. For example, in The Giver the readers may be able to feel clear meaning of the paragraph, He was not starving, it was pointed out. He was hungry. No one in the community was starving, had ever been starving, would ever be starving (p.70), since it is written in words. While, film Farenheight 451 cannot have those same effects on the audience since it carry its theme on a screen. It cannot describe the details like The Giver. Here is another difference between The Giver and Farenheight 451. The Giver, almost all the information is carried to people by the Givers memories since people could recognize other societies by books even though there are some ordinary books in every house. On the other hand, in Farenheight 451, there is only TV and no books since books are considered as something which makes people unhappy and guilty, so people are banned to have books in their home. That is, books make people melancholy because there are some ideas in those books like philosophy or sociology. Finally, when some people who committed a crime or violated some rules are punished, the people in the society in The Giver cannot know how they are to be punished. And there is only one word, release, meaning the punishment. On the other hand, in the film, Farenheight 451, the people could see the scene of punishment by TV. Both the societies in The Giver and Farenheight 451, were the ones under controls and there is no freedom to the people in the societies. While I compare and contrast these two societies, I feel grateful to have freedom such as I can buy books, read them, and do study which I want. Reference Lowry, L. (1993). The Giver. New York, NY: Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Group, Inc. .

Infectious Disease Prevention and Management -myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theInfectious Disease Prevention and Management. Answer: Analysis Of The Risk Factors For The Spread Of Infectious Disease In The Gold Coast Commonwealth Games, 2018 Gold Coast environment in relevance to infectious disease The XXI Commonwealth Games (2018) is scheduled in Gold Coast in Queensland, Australia, and will be the fifth Commonwealth Game hosted by Australia. The game start on April 4th, and has provisioned the accommodation of 6600 athletes and officials in the form of an athletes village comprising of 1252 houses, 1170 apartments and 82 townhouses in Southport. As a result, there will be an enormous influx of people (athletes, audiences, dignitaries) in the city, and therefore increasing the chances of introducing infectious disease into the community. If not checked and controlled properly, a potential outbreak scenario can ensue due to the influx, and can jeopardize the public health as well as the health of the visitors. It is therefore vital to identify the diseases most prevalent in the city, and the diseases that can potentially be favored by the environmental conditions of Gold Coast. Identifying the pathogenicity and etiologies of these communicable diseases can allow the implementat ion of preventative measures to control disease outbreaks/spreads. Gold Coast has a humid subtropical climate. The winters are warm (average of 25 to 29 degree Celsius) and hot and humid summers (average 23 to 27 degree Celsius with 106% to 121 % humidity) (Surfers Paradise Forecast, 2017). This can provide a good sustainable environment for different kinds of pathogens that exists or can be introduced to Gold Coast. Currently, the Gold Coast environment has seen the prevalence of different types of infectious diseases like diseases borne of contaminated food or water, diseases carried by mosquito (like Dengue), Viral Zoonotic Disease (like Australian Bat Lyssavirus or Q fever), Influenza, and infections (like meningococcal disease). Tick borne disease like Lyme disease has shown several incidences in Australia (Tick Borne Diseases | Gold Coast Hyperthermia Dr Craig Thompson Integrative GP, 2017). Some of the more relevant diseases in Gold Coast are Mosquito Borne diseases (like Dengue and Zika), and Influenza. As per Gold Coast Bulletin (August 26th, 2017), have reported an increased number of Influenza infections, with teenagers between 10 and 19 years being at the highest risk Statistics from Gold Coast Hospital Health Services shows a 20% increase (520 cases in a week) in the incidence of Influenza (Coast fully sick as flu numbers soar, 2017). Similarly Mosquito borne disease like Zika, have also been reported before. Presumably the Aedes aegypti (Dengue mosquitoes) can pick up the Zika virus from an infected traveler, and spread it (Zika virus | Queensland Health, 2017). Infrastructure related to infection control and management The infrastructure applicable to/ associated with Infection Control and Management Plan (ICMP) enables better management of communicable diseases, and its treatment. The infrastructure can be comprised of an Infection Prevention Team, Long Term Care Facilities and Hospital Surveillance of Health Associated Contagion. ICMP is a standard design aimed for reduction or prevention of infectious diseases in regards to healthcare services for patients, healthcare professionals working in the facility as well as individuals who can get infected in the facility. The declared healthcare facilities includes public hospitals, blood banks, occupational therapists, dental clinic, pathology laboratories, podiatry clinic, acupuncturists, specialist practice clinic, physiotherapists, speech therapists, pharmacies, hyperbaric medicines, aboriginal healthcare services, dermatology service, pharmaceuticals, nursing service, optometrists, correctional service, diabetes educators, radiological and diagnos tic imaging services, stem cell transplant service and Chinese medicines. Infection control program involves components like basic measures for infection control; education, training of healthcare workers; protecting the health of people through the processes of immunization; health hazard identification and risks mitigation; conducting routine activities and practices and effective work practices; surveillance; monitoring of incidence; investigation of outbreaks; research and controlling infections in specific situations (Poff, Browning, 2014). An Infection Control Committee acts as a forum for sharing information and allows a multidisciplinary input and help, and should include representatives from a wide variety of professions like management, healthcare workers, pharmacies, clinical microbiologists, housekeeping, sterilization services, maintenance and training services. They should be able to review and commend surveillance and prevention activities, identify scope of intervention from surveillance data, promote better health practice and assess the existing practice standards, ensuring proper training of staff in the domains of infection control and management. Quarantine Centers are applicable in conditions to stop further spread of the disease, by isolating the infected cases from non infected individuals. The quarantine centers will allow a safe study of the remedy and treatment, while ensuring safety for the population and health workers (Drazen et al., 2014). Vaccination protocols can allow preventative measures, providing protection to healthcare providers and to public. The vaccines help to build up immunity against diseases, and therefore is an important measure of disease prevention and managing (Vaccines, 2017). Surveillance allows proper reporting of infection incidences. Infection investigation done in accordance of CDC definition, can allow effective identification of the prevalent diseases, and thereby formulate a control. Major infectious diseases of concern and their relevant etiology and epidemiology. Influenza: Also called the flu is caused by influenza virus. This ailment is characterized by symptoms like fever, sore throat, runny nose, muscular pains, coughing, and fatigue. Flu can be caused by different strains (A, B or C) of the Influenza virus. Flu cases in Australia are mostly caused by strains A and B. Out of these 2, only Influenza A is known to have caused pandemics. The spread of the virus can be in 3 different ways: direct transmission (when mucus from the infected person directly contacts the mucosa of the healthy person), airborne transmission (caused by inhaling droplets of moisture containing the virus), and through contaminated objects/ vehicles. Children are generally more prone to infection than adults. Estimates show that an average of 13,500 hospitalizations and 3,000 mortalities in Australia each year due to influenza. The worst affected are the patients suffering from chronic conditions like lung disease, asthma, cardiac disease, kidney disease, blood disorder, obesity and endocrine dysfunction (Colds and flu statistics, 2017). Surveillance reports from Australia in 2017 also provide the following information: The infections reached its peak activity in mid August. The confirmed cases of infection, reported to NNDSS (National Notificable Diseases Surveillance System) being 2.5 times compared to last year. The currently dominant strain of influenza virus, prevalent in Australia is the type a strain. The highest incidence of infection have been found among adults aged 80 and above, and the second highest incidence among children between 5 to 9 years. Even though in 2017 the number of mortality cases due to influenza showed an increase and is consistent with the rise in the reported cases and not necessarily due to an increased severity of the disease (List of notifiable conditions | Queensland, 2017). The Commonwealth Department of Health and Ageing estimated a total of 231,645 laboratory confirmed cases of influenza in Australia in 2017 (till November) (Immunisation Coalition, 2017). Figure 1: Statistics for Influenza in Australia; source: (Immunisation Coalition, 2017) Dengue: This disease is spread by mosquitoes, and caused by the Dengue Virus pathogen. The typical symptoms associated with the disease are fever, headache, nausea and painful joints. The symptoms can often develop into acute symptoms that are life threatening like hemorrhagic fever, bleeding, low platelet count, leakage of plasma, and shock that can cause acute low blood pressure (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2017). A sudden onset of fever is a characteristic of dengue. Infection course can be divided into three discrete phases: febrile, critical and recovery. During the first phase- the febrile phase, a high fever occurs (typically above 40 degree Celsius) associated with muscular pain and headache lasting for a week. Nausea and vomiting are also common apart from rashes and flushed skin. The fever can be biphasic, and shows frequent relapse. The critical phase starts as the fever goes down, and there can be leakage of plasma from the blood vessels which can last for a couple of days, causing fluid accumulation in the thoracic and abdominal cavities and can also cause dehydration, loss of fluid, reduced blood to organs, and bleeding from the Gastro Intestinal tract. A dengue shock can ensure due to these conditions, and can be fatal. The recovery phase occurs next, and is evidenced by the reabsorption of the fluids back into the circulatory system. The improvement can be associated with a lowered heart rate, itching and peeling of the skin. A fluid overload can also occur due to the increased volume of blood, and can affect the brain causing seizures. The disease is spread by the mosquito Aedes aegypti, and the virus has 4 different strains (1, 2, 3, and 4). Infection with one strain of the virus can cause immunity to only that strain, thereby still exposing the individuals to infections by the other strains in the future ("Department of Health | Australian Influenza Surveillance Report and Activity Updates", 2017). The mosquitoes bite by the day, and the disease has an incubation period of 3-14 days. The majority of the mosquito borne disease in Gold Coast is caused due to the salt marsh mosquitoes. Freshwater bodies created due to heavy rainfall also provide the ideal breeding grounds for the mosquitoes. High tides exceeding 1.6m in the Gold Coast Seaway also triggers the breeding of the mosquitoes, thereby increasing the prevalence of mosquito borne diseases ("City of Gold Coast | Mosquitoes", 2017). However, reports from January 2017 shows a record high number (in 20 years) of reported cases of dengue in Australia (Butt, 2017) Currently, the mosquito causing dengue is only found in the North, Central and Southwest Queensland. Outbreaks have occurred each year in Queensland, and the outbreaks generally start when an individual is infected with the virus while travelling overseas, and thereby introducing the pathogen into the country ((Faddy, Viennet, Flower McBride, 2017). As per WHO there were 662 laboratory conformed cases of Dengue in Australia, as of July 31st, 2017 (World Health Organization, 2017). This shows a reduction in the reported cases compared to previous years. Figure 2: Reported cases of Dengue; source: (World Health Organization, 2017) Infectious disease health services capacity and critical control points The health services for Infectious disease control ensure proper prevention of communicable diseases and prevent disease outbreaks. The service policies provide critical control points to check the outbreaks/spread of disease by analyzing the mode and path of infection. These control points are: Immunization: This is the process of aiding an individuals immune system to recognize a pathogen or immunogenic, building an immune memory of it. Immunization saves approximately 2-3 million lives every year from preventable diseases like diphtheria, tetanus, rubella, polio, mumps, pneumococcal diseases, tetanus, Pertussis, measles, hepatitis B and Haemophilius influenza type B. The vaccination program can involve strategies like: vaccination for all children, documentation of all vaccinations, free vaccinations and revaccinations incase of outbreak of diseases (Immunization, 2017). In addition, compulsory vaccination can also be implemented against certain diseases that shows prevalence. Screening: It allows identification of individuals who have been infected or exposed to the pathogen. It allows the treatment to be commenced in a timely manner, manage the co morbidities with more affectivity, help to reduce high risk behaviors for the disease, identify the necessity for any compulsory treatment plans. A quick and successful identification can also lower the rate of transmission thereby improving the success rate of disease management. Legal Framework and Mandatory Disclosure Laws: Penalizing non compliance to public health orders or for behaviors that can cause risk to public health allows prevention of activities that can jeopardize health of the public, and ensure personal responsibilities related to health. The laws also ensure compliance by healthcare providers to adhere to the strict protocols and methods that can foster well health of the population, and prevent outbreaks (Chen, Levonyan, Reinhart Taksler, 2014). Isolation/Quarantine: In case of serious outbreaks, it is often challenging to identify the correct source and the carriers. Due to this evacuation and closure of public places can be helpful to stop the spread of the disease. A proper quarantine protocol, combined with decontamination practices can ensure the safety of the people, in particular the economically vulnerable (Drazen et al., 2014). Role of transport access in affecting risk of infectious disease transmission: Infectious diseases can be transmitted by various methods, and therefore public health services aims to minimize transmission of the diseases. Enteric diseases can spread through water or food, and contamination of water supplies can result in diseases like diarrhea, jaundice and cholera. Diseases like Dengue, Malaria, Yellow Fever or Zika Virus are spread by mosquitoes. Prevalence of mosquitoes can hence be associated with prevalence of the diseases borne by them. Similarly, diseases like Influenza can be spread by direct or indirect contact, or by mucosal discharge, as does common cold and small pox. As we understand that a huge influx of people are likely to occur during the commonwealth games, 2018, there will be an elevated risk of retransmission of diseases during that time. Overcrowding can also elevate the risks of influenza spreading out of the country and diseases like Dengue and Zika entering the country from foreign individuals (Rahman, Harley Plummer, 2017). Therefore it is of utmost importance that the mode of transmission of these diseases be understood clearly, and proper precautionary and intervention measures be used to prevent their outbreak or to contain them. Preventing access to the vehicles of the disease can in effect prevent the spread, and ensure the continued protection of public health and foster a general well being among the public. References: Butt, C. (2017).Dengue fever cases hit 20-year high in Australia.The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 13 November 2017, from https://www.smh.com.au/national/health/dengue-fever-cases-hit-20year-high-in-australia-20170112-gtqq5b.html Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2017). Symptoms and what to do if you think you have dengue.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA: https://www. cdc. gov/dengue/symptoms. Chen, D. L., Levonyan, V., Reinhart, S. E., Taksler, G. B. (2014).Mandatory disclosure: Theory and evidence from industry-physician relationships. Working paper, mimeo. City of Gold Coast | Mosquitoes. (2017).Goldcoast.qld.gov.au. Retrieved 15 November 2017, from https://www.goldcoast.qld.gov.au/environment/mosquitoes-4095.html Coast fully sick as flu numbers soar (2017).Coast fully sick as flu numbers soar.Goldcoastbulletin.com.au. Retrieved 13 November 2017, from https://www.goldcoastbulletin.com.au/news/sun-community/flu-numbers-soar-on-the-gold-coast-with-experts-warning-children-and-teens-are-most-affected/news-story/068f5e3f5d423dd358a04b4a6ae82902 Colds and flu statistics. (2017).Healthdirect.gov.au. Retrieved 13 November 2017, from https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/colds-and-flu-statistics Department of Health | Australian Influenza Surveillance Report and Activity Updates. (2017).Health.gov.au. Retrieved 15 November 2017, from https://www.health.gov.au/flureport Department of Health | Dengue Fact Sheet. (2017).Health.gov.au. Retrieved 13 November 2017, from https://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/ohp-dengue-fs.htm Drazen, J. M., Kanapathipillai, R., Campion, E. W., Rubin, E. J., Hammer, S. M., Morrissey, S., Baden, L. R. (2014). Ebola and quarantine. Faddy, H., Viennet, E., Flower, R., McBride, W. (2017).Dengue in Australia: the key points.researchgate.net. Retrieved 15 November 2017, from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280612549_Dengue_in_Australia_the_key_points Immunisation Coalition. (2017).Annual Australian Influenza Statistics(p. 1). Retrieved from https://www.immunisationcoalition.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/13Nov-Flu-Stats-2017-PDF.pdf Immunization. (2017).World Health Organization. Retrieved 15 November 2017, from https://www.who.int/topics/immunization/en/ Infection Control Management of Infectious Diseases. (2017).Sahealth.sa.gov.au. Retrieved 13 November 2017, from https://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/2425ea004fe339d1977bb703541ce8ed/Infection-control-management-of-infectious-diseases-V2.5-cdcb-ics-20170214.pdf?MOD=AJPERESCACHEID=2425ea004fe339d1977bb703541ce8ed List of notifiable conditions | Queensland (2017). Health.Health.qld.gov.au. Retrieved 13 November 2017, from https://www.health.qld.gov.au/clinical-practice/guidelines-procedures/diseases-infection/notifiable-conditions/list Poff, R. M., Browning, S. V. (2014). Creating a meaningful infection control program: One home healthcare agency's lessons.Home Healthcare Now,32(3), 167-171. Rahman, K. M., Harley, D., Plummer, D. (2017). Zika virus infection and Commonwealth Games 2018 on the Gold Coast, Australia.Infection, Disease Health,22(1), 48-50. Surfers Paradise Forecast. (2017).Bom.gov.au. Retrieved 15 November 2017, from https://www.bom.gov.au/qld/forecasts/surfers-paradise.shtml Tick Borne Diseases | Gold Coast Hyperthermia Dr Craig Thompson Integrative GP. (2017).Gchyperthermia.com.au. Retrieved 15 November 2017, from https://www.gchyperthermia.com.au/tick-borne-diseases Vaccines. (2017).World Health Organization. Retrieved 15 November 2017, from https://www.who.int/topics/vaccines/en/ World Health Organization. (2017) (p. 4). Retrieved from https://www.wpro.who.int/emerging_diseases/dengue_biweekly_20170801.pdf Zika virus | Queensland Health (2017).Health.qld.gov.au. Retrieved 13 November 2017, from https://www.health.qld.gov.au/clinical-practice/guidelines-procedures/diseases-infection/diseases/mosquito-borne/zika

SAT Prep Sample Essay - How to Write a SAT Essay With Purpose

SAT Prep Sample Essay - How to Write a SAT Essay With PurposeIn preparation for SAT, most students learn that the SAT prep sample essay needs to be in the context of the College Board's accepted essay subject. The College Board is one of the world's biggest and most prestigious companies in the testing sector, and its SAT is always considered to be one of the toughest tests for test takers. The SAT prep sample essay may come in useful in preparation for the test, as well as for how the subject can be used in the subject section. In fact, the essay may even serve as a good practice essay subject.Since so many college students are interested in making it in the admissions department, the SAT has now even allowed some form of essay to be used in some college entrance exams like the ACT exam. Even though the admission directors have begun to favor certain essays over others, this doesn't mean that they have completely abandoned the strategy of writing the SAT essay. They still insist tha t the admissions process should be based on which the essay will enable your best efforts at the test to be accepted.One way to do this is by crafting a very brief intro that best suits the SAT test and your admission into college. After deciding on the subject you want to discuss, then you can narrow down the topic into something more specific, or you can just stick with the general topic of interest to the test. There is no fixed format for doing this, since each essay topic will be a little different from the next.However, the essays will still be based on the same fundamental components that you will find in the SAT sample essays. You will be required to set up a typical situation, describing how it plays out in your own life and circumstances, including the particulars of the actual circumstances.What kind of main idea or theme you will be using will depend on your own situation. If you feel that you need to write about one particular event or case that illustrates the main ide a of the essay, you can include it in the intro. On the other hand, if you don't want to present a point-by-point explanation of how a situation occurred, you will not be required to include it in the essay at all.You can write your essay for the SAT without making any admissions staff members or admissions committee members read it. You can ask other students who took the exam to review it, but the admissions staff might have a better idea of what to look for in your application than you do.Since most students never prepare anything for the SAT, the simple trick is to write a very brief intro to the essay, and then to work backwards. After writing an essay about what you did for a living, why this idea resonated with you, and why you found it to be relevant to your current situation, you can then work on the rest of the essay. This approach can produce extremely good-looking samples that are high on the quality of your writing.

History Of The American Drug War Essays - Drug Policy,

History of the American Drug War The first act of America's anti-drug laws was in 1875. It outlawed the smoking of opium in opium dens. This was a San Francisco ordinance. The basis on passing this law was that Chinese men had a way of luring white women to their dens and causing their "ruin", which was the association with Chinese men. Later, other Federal laws such as trafficking in opium was illegal for anyone of Chinese origin. The opium laws were directed at the smoking of opium. The law didn't effect importation of the drug because opium was a common medical drug. This law was specifically targeted at the Chinese, for the smoking of opium was a Chinese custom. Cocaine was outlawed for fears that black men would go on a sexual rampage and rape white women. In the early 1900's, newspapers referred to them as "Negro Cocaine Fiends" or "Cocainized Niggers". There is little evidence that this actually happened. The Harrison Act had started as a licensing law which required sellers to obtain a license if they were going to handle opiates or cocaine. The law contains a provision that nothing in the law would prohibit doctors from prescribing these drugs in the legitimate practice of medicine. The people who wrote the Harrison Act and Marijuana Tax Act in 1937, agreed that a prohibition on what people could put into their bodies was an unconstitutional infringement on personal liberties. Marijuana was outlawed in 1937. The reason for it being outlawed was that the plant had a violent effect on the degenerate races. The American Medical Association testified that they were opposed to the law. The law would never have passed without the endorsement from the AMA, but when the supporters of the law were asked about the AMA's view on the floor of congress, they had stated that the AMA was all for it. When the law had passed, the AMA protested, but the law was never repealed. It is difficult to determine how many people in the US use drugs. The Federal Government's Household Survey on Drug Abuse, is the most common set of statistics on the use of drugs. According to the latest surveys, conducted by the DEA, there are about 12.7 million people who have used an illegal drug in the past month, and about 30 - 40 million people who have used an illegal drug in the past year. Among the 12.7 people who have used an illegal drug in the past month, about 10 million are casual drug users and about 2.7 million are drug addicts. The figures produced by the Household Survey on Drug Abuse are obtained over the phone. Therefore, there was a problem reaching those without phones, those who didn't answer their phones, and those who answered the question honestly. Other surveys put the figures at least twice as high. Currently, there are about 1.5 million people in state and Federal prisons and jails throughout the US At least 24 states are under Federal court orders to relieve prison overcrowding. Prison population had been relatively stable from about 1926 to about 1970. From that point, Nixon's war against drugs, then the Reagan and Bush war against drugs, caused a dramatic increase in the number of prisoners. The estimated 30 - 40 million people who have used an illegal drug in the past year, would fill a prison holding the populations of California, Arizona and New Mexico altogether. The cost of holding a single one of these persons would be about $450,000. The cost for the arrest and the conviction is about $150,000. The cost for an additional bed would be anywhere from $50,000 to $150,000, depending upon the jurisdiction. It costs about $30,000 per year to house a prisoner, with an average sentence of five years, adding up to be $150,000. The estimated $450,000 (out of taxpayers money), can provide treatment or education for about 200 people. Out of the percentage of people in prison, 59.6% are in prison for a drug offenses. The war on drugs could be won if we were successful in at least one of three areas. If we could stop drug production in other countries, if we could stop drugs

Pricing Decision Essay Essays

Pricing Decision Essay Essays Pricing Decision Essay Essay Pricing Decision Essay Essay Companies in their enterprise to win in the extremely competitory and dynamic market are now sing a clear focal point on their selling schemes. This is in order that they may stay relevant in the fast changing concern environment. market conditions and consumer penchants. It is of import that a company considers the effects of the alterations in the concern environment including monetary value fluctuations initiated by its rivals This is best done by first analysing the monetary values offered by the rivals visa vie the company’s cost construction and the competitor’s opportunities to alter in response to the company’s new monetary value offers ( Kotler 2003. p 66 ) . Pricing Strategies The company needs to calculate out the best scheme to implement in order to accomplish the optimal monetary values for its merchandises. To originate cost-cutting with a position to better on the profitableness of the company the company must hold an apprehension of the type of cost that it needs to pull off. This will be to a big extent influenced by its manner of direction. beginnings of professional advice. the broader vision of the company’s ends. communicating scheme. and company’s capitalisation in relation to debt-equity ratio and the cost of borrowing ( Sherman 2007. p 3-4 ) . The company besides needs to understand the several types of costs that it incurs. The assorted types of costs are research and development costs. the operating expenses and administrative costs. human capital costs including wellness attention costs. wages and employee benefits. substructure and system costs. advertisement and promotional costs. fixed and variable costs. and debt-servicing costs. The bottom line is to exhaustively analyze each of these cost classs and weigh their importance to the company’s concern operations. see more efficient available options. and the possible deductions of the cost decrease scheme ( Sherman 2007. p5 A ; 9 ) . A company such as Wal-Mart that has for old ages been in front of its rivals by offering the lowest monetary values for its goods. Wal-Mart is able to pull off favourable monetary value cuts by implementing monetary value cut schemes such as endeavouring to cut down its costs by prosecuting a revenue enhancement decrease scheme. This has been through its investings in Real Estate Investment Trusts ( REITs ) in order to work revenue enhancement loopholes and avoid some of the revenue enhancements levied in peculiar provinces ( Moore 2007. p. 2 ) . Having accomplished the above cost decrease scheme. the company may the come up with appropriate pricing for its merchandises. This is done by first understanding pricing methods. There are six pricing methods that would take to an informed determination in repairing monetary values. These are markup pricing method. the mark return pricing method. perceived value method of pricing. value based pricing. the going-rate method of pricing and the sealed-bid method of pricing ( Kotler 2003. P 66 ) . Deductions of Price Cuts and Conclusion The monetary value of the merchandise or service is a major factor that influences customer’s purchase determination is the selling mix. A combination of the cost decrease scheme and an appropriate pricing scheme is more likely to profit the company and enable it achieve a competitory advantage over its rivals. By following market antiphonal cost film editing schemes in the communicating industry. companies in bend helped make a better manner of life whereby clients are now able to pass on more frequently and at lower monetary values Salazar 2007. p. 1 ) . This translates to increased net incomes to the service suppliers as they are able to sell more units than earlier. Mentions Kotler. P. ( 2003 ) . Marketing Management. 11th Ed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Moore. M. ( 2007 ) . Taxing Schemes: Always Cuting Monetary values. Wal-Mart Attempts to Rollback Taxes. Retrieved March 8. 2009 from hypertext transfer protocol: //walmartwatch. com/img/blog/NIMSP_tax_strategies. pdf Salazar. L. C. Cost Cutting Strategies at the Bottom of the Pyramid. Retrieved March 8. 2009 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. lirneasia. net/wp-content/uploads/2007/03/2-lcs-shoestrings-sing-28feb07. pps Sherman. A. J. ( 2007 ) . Schemes for Cuting Costss and Improving Profitability. Retrieved March 8. 2009 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. sbecouncil. org/uploads/PPT % 20Cost % 20Cutting % 20for % 20Growth % 20and % 20Profitability. ppt

Human Resource Management Seminar Diary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Human Resource Management Seminar Diary - Essay Example There were times when I felt that I was not heard or understood by my peers; moreover, I have also sensed that some of them wanted to share even more than what they were contributing though they did not know how. Even in the presented folding activity, I found it hard to follow instructions. I am probably better off when people dictate and verbally communicate instructions to me. I am also highly involved in group activities and I believe that putting up relationships with my peers is important which probably makes me sensitive and even upset when things do not work out in our team. These situations have shown me that communication may come off as easy or difficult depending on the ways with which team members exchange information. From my experience, I can probably say that we receive, understand and express everything in different ways. I do believe that companies should consider the styles exhibited by their employees so they can completely understand each other. This means collaboration and synergy regardless of differences in culture, professional experiences or any other factor that can affect communication. The ability to take hold of the complication involved in communication styles is an effectual way for achieving mastery of self and others. It increases productivity and enables this to be attained smoothly. The style of communicating is key to precise meaning of insights, observations, and ambiguity involved in communicating with others (Saphiere, Mikk, & Devries 2005). When I was younger, I was anxious of the prerequisites of qualifying for a job. I did not like the thought of passing my resumes and going through interviews. However, as I got older and started understanding why these were imperative, I had a better appreciation of the requirements of selecting and recruiting employees. Lectures from the seminar made me even more aware of the reasons and outcomes of a company’s selection and recruitment methods. I have come to

Personal Protective Equipment Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Personal Protective Equipment - Case Study Example Employers are required by the law, The Occupational Safety and Health Law, to give Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) to staffs, and ensure effective usage. PPE is worn to reduce or eliminate hazards at the workplace. The PPE category discussed in this paper is the face and eye protection. The new supplier of the PPE is either incompetent or was given wrong information regarding the features of eye safety equipment that the company needs (Davies, 2012). The company is likely to experience poor employee productivity and increased legal suits if adequate eye protection is not provided. The eye problem is caused by the inappropriate shade #3 lenses given to employees when cutting the 1.250" thick carbon steel. The most appropriate eye protection is shade #5, which is the most appropriate for cutting steel between 1 and 6 inches. The intense light emitted from welding operations results in serious eye damage if the employees do not have appropriate eye protection. The high intensity of radiant energy emitted from welding and cutting activities varies in terms of arc current and electrode size, and hence requires adequate eye protection equipment (Davies, 2012). In addition to the lenses, the employees should also appropriately wear related safety equipment that minimizes eye hazards; for instance, glasses that have side shields, to prevent slag chips and grinding fragment from contacting the face or eyes of the employees.

Counterculture Analysis: Blackbeard

Counterculture Analysis: Blackbeard Zachariah Chiles Many groups have been established as countercultures throughout the course of history. However, what makes those groups actually be considered countercultures? Author W. LaVerne Thomas attempts to answer such a question in his book, a group [that] rejects the major values, norms, and practices of the larger society and replaces them with a new set of cultural patterns (Thomas). One group that significantly follows Thomass definition are the Blackbeard pirates. This group rejected the cultural patterns of the British monarchy to live their own cutthroat life of stealing, killing, and raping. To this day pirates are still a significant threat to those who tread international waters, and even those who live in third world countries. Before Blackbeard acquired his name, he was known as Edward Teach or Edward Thatch. As far as origin goes, not much is known about Thatch. However, it is recorded that he joined the British navy as a privateer during the Queen Annes War, and turned to piracy shortly after (Division of Archives and Historys Office of State Archaeology). Blackbeard began his pirating in 1713 under the Captain Benjamin Hornigold (Ossian). Once given a smaller ship by Hornigold and able to command his own crew as a captain, Blackbeard found the French slaver ship La Concorde. This esteemed ship would be known to many as the Queen Annes Revenge, La Concorde was big, fast, and powerful. With such a vessel, Blackbeard knew his men could cause more havocà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Woodard). In 1717, the two pirates were so deadly that the British monarchy offered both Hornigold and Blackbeard currency in exchange for putting down pirating. Hornigold accepted, whereas Blackbeard denied the offer, and continued ravaging the Caribbean on his esteemed Queen Annes Revenge. However, his time came to an end on November 22nd, 1718 when facing a British Royal Navy Contingent sent by Governor Alexander Spottswood. Blackbeard and his crew mainly raided ships for one thing, and that was gold. Everything they did was based upon how much loot they could take, and although he has died many years ago, his reputation and name still stands out in the history of pirating. Both the sociological perspective and the sociological imagination can be used to explain the actions of Blackbeard and his crew. According to author LaVerne Thomas, The sociological perspective helps you see that all people are social beings. It tells you that your behavior is influenced by social factors and that you have learned your behavior from others (Thomas). Many heard and saw the stories of Blackbeard and his ferocious crew. Because of this, many saw his actions and adopted them, to continue pirating and adapting Blackbeards techniques for more efficient plundering. His name alone put fear in the hearts of men, so many see that fear and want to become it; inspiring many to take up piracy and life on the seas. C. Wright Mills believes the sociological imagination is, the capacity to range from the most impersonal and remote [topics] to the most intimate features of the human self and to see the relationship between the two (Thomas). In other words, this describes the insight of how your social environment shapes you, and how you shape your social environment (Thomas). Blackbeard and his crews environment most likely included a poor social background, and the loss of a loved one. Many who are greedy and kill, have often grown up in these conditions. They surrounded themselves with murderers and thieves, and thus became murderers and thiev es themselves. They shaped their social environment by surrounding others with the same negative behavior, thus having new people join Blackbeards crew. The more people in his crew, means the more people that go out and tell the infamous story of Blackbeard, the cutthroat killer. Ethnocentrism is a large part of any culture. It is described as, [the] tendency to view ones own culture and group as superiorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Thomas). Countercultures are subcultures, therefore Blackbeard and his crew is technically a subculture of the larger society the British monarchy. Blackbeard and his crew saw these norms as superior to the restricting life in the monarchy, and therefore ethnocentrism formed. Also, the British already having ethnocentrism, saw the opposing moral standards set by Blackbeards new found subculture, and rejected their views, making Blackbeard and his crew a counterculture. Many examples can be made as to why he and his crew is a counterculture. One such case is that there was no law against killing on Blackbeards ship, whereas it was outlawed in the British monarchy. Another similar case would be with stealing, where Blackbeard plundered and stole from other ships for loot, whereas such atrocities were against the law in the British monarchy. Cultural relativism can be defined as, the belief that cultures should be judged by their own standards rather than by applying the standards of another culture (Thomas). Looting, pillaging, and killing is what pirates know. These simple standards cannot be judged outside cultural beliefs without noticing the large moral negativity that follows. Blackbeard and his crew had no moral compass, so their actions should not be justified through the eyes of the British monarchy. From a logistical point of view, them being strong, picked on the weak in order to gain wealth and become stronger in the world. Although they may know what they do is morally unacceptable and goes against the laws of many larger societies, they followed their own standards and traditions and should not be judged outside of that. My counterculture Blackbeard and his crew, have many intriguing norms and standards that oppose that of many societies of that era as well as modern times. However, this does not excuse the actions of Blackbeard and his crew. Killing, stealing, and plundering all leave large marks on this world. Anywhere from crushing the economy of a British town to killing the last son of a lonely French mother, cultures that directly affect the larger societies in a negative manner should not exist. Cultures having opposing standards is completely fine, as long as the opposing standards does not actively contradict those of a larger society. Blackbeard and his crew have very free standards, however the deaths that have been caused forces me to disagree with the philosophy and norms of their counterculture. References Division of Archives and Historys Office of State Archaeology. Queen Annes Revenge Project. n.d. 12 3 2017. Ossian, Rob. The Pirate King. n.d. 12 3 2017. Thomas, W. LaVerne. Holt Sociology: The Study of Human Relationships. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 2003. Woodard, Colin. The Republic of Pirates. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company, 2007. Customer Segments in Retail Supermarket | Analysis Customer Segments in Retail Supermarket | Analysis CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND In todays dynamic retail environment, customers are offered with a tremendous range of choices and their loyalty is increasingly becoming transitory due to the severe impact of competitors actions on existing relationships (Reinartz and Kumar, 2000). This increased competition to satisfy the diverse needs of the customer, forces the traditional production and selling focus of the retailers towards customer relationships. In the context of retail supermarket, this has resulted in large investments in retail information systems to collect the shoppers data to understand the customer shopping behaviour (Brijs.T et al 2001). Several tools and technologies of data warehousing, data mining, and other customer relationship management (CRM) techniques are exploited to manage and analyse this data. Especially through data mining, simply means extracting knowledge from large amounts of data which helps the organisations to find the patterns and trends in their customers data, and then to drive improved customer relationships (Rygielski, Wang and Yen, 2002). According to Witten Frank, (2005), some data mining techniques include decision trees (DT), artificial neural networks (ANN), genetic algorithms (GA), association rules (AR), etc., are usually used to solve problems related with customers in various fields like engineering, science, finance and business. In retail supermarket domain, data mining can be applied to identify useful customer behaviour patterns from large amounts of customer and transaction data (Giudici Passerone, 2002). Consequently, the discovered information can be used to support better decision-making in retail marketing. Data mining techniques have been mostly adopted to make predictions and describe behaviours. During the past decade, there has been an array of significant developments in data mining techniques. Some of these developments are implemented in customized service (Chen et al, 2005) which is vital in retail markets to develop customer relationship. Therefore, this research focuses to provide customised service to distinct customer segments in retail supermarkets, by implementing data mining techniques with the help of data mining tools. Related Work Researchers proposed various approaches to mine sales transaction data of a retail supermarket to improve customer relationships. Previously, the customer behavioural variables such as (RFM) Recency-Frequency-Monetary variables are associated with demographic variables to predict customer purchase behaviour (Chen et al, 2005). Current research improved significantly, as Business Intelligence tools and advanced data mining algorithms are implemented to analyse the data in a much more reformed way. Liao et al, (2008), proposed a methodology based on Apriori and K-means algorithms to mine the customer knowledge from household customers for product and brand extension in retailing. Bottcher et al, (2009), presented an approach which aimed to mine the changing customer segments in dynamic market through deriving frequent itemsets as representations of customer segments at different points of time, which are then analysed for changes. Problem Definition Effective management of sales transaction data is as important as any other asset for a retail supermarket store. The sales transaction data usually contains great amount of information distributed through numerous transactions. This study focuses on applying data mining techniques to analyse the sales transaction data of a retail supermarket store and suggests recommendations to provide customised service to defined customer segments. This research specifically uses two data mining techniques namely clustering and association rule discovery. The research starts with identifying different customer segments based on their purchase frequencies, in order to find out the differences in their purchase behaviour. The definition of behaviour in retail supermarket domain covers different meanings. For example, retailers often distinguish between light, medium and heavy users or weekday or weekend customers etc (Brijs et al, 2001). In this research, the differences will be discovered by identifying frequently purchased items for each customer segment and comparing their combinations. The retailer may use this information to customize his offer towards those segments and also to further examine the underlying relation ships between those items for purposes of pricing, product placement or promotions. AIM OBJECTIVES The aim of this research is to provide customised service to defined customer segments in a retail supermarket, by implementing data mining techniques on sales transaction data with the help of data mining tools. OBJECTIVES To conduct a critical review of the literature and present the current research within the discipline. Obtain the customer sales transaction dataset, in order to apply the data mining algorithms. Based on the literature review, select the appropriate data mining approach to pre-process the dataset and to implement the algorithms on the pre-processed data. Analyse the results obtained from the data mining algorithms and propose recommendations to provide customised service. Draw conclusions, discuss the limitations of this research and suggest the areas of future research. Research Approach This research follows the quantitative methodology by obtaining the dataset and analysing the data with data mining tools. The dataset for analysis was obtained from ABC retail supermarket store, Canada, which was available online (http://www.statsci.org/datasets.html). The data required for this project is selected and loaded onto data mining tools SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) and Weka, the tools selected for this research to mine the data. The data mining algorithms that are selected for this study are k-means algorithm for Clustering and Apriori algorithm for association rule mining, the reason behind the choice of these algorithms is justified in the literature review. These algorithms are implemented on the dataset with SPSS and Weka. The results obtained from these algorithms needs to be justified with the help of charts, tables and graphs. Microsoft Excel is used to plot the charts, tables and graphs. Finally, the recommendations are made based on the ana lysis of results. Dissertation Outline This chapter presents the essence of this dissertation, highlighting the aim and objectives of this research. The rest of this dissertation is structured as follows Chapter 2 provides a comprehensive literature review of different aspects relating to the research topic under study. Chapter 3 discuss in detail about the research methods and the data analysis techniques followed, in order to achieve the aim of this research. Chapter 4 presents the analysis of the results obtained from the application of data mining algorithms on the data and provides recommendations. Chapter 5 summarises the entire project and gives insights on limitations of this research and points out the areas of future research. CHAPTER 2 : LITERATURE REVIEW Introduction This chapter provides a critical review of literature addressing the application of data mining in retail supermarkets. It begins with an introduction to data mining, followed by its evolution and applications in todays business world. Then explore the role of data mining in retail supermarkets to improve customer relationships, followed by a discussion about the typical data mining approach. It also discusses the techniques and algorithms implied in this project and the reason for their choice. Data Mining: An Introduction The word mining means extracting something useful or valuable, such as mining gold from the earth (Lappas, 2007).The importance of mining is growing continuously, especially in the business world. Data mining is a process of finding interesting patterns in databases for decision-making. It is one of the fast growing and most prominent fields, which can provide a significant advantage to an organization by exploiting the vast databases (Rygielski, Wang and Yen, 2002). Finding patterns in business data is not new; traditionally business analysts use statistical approach. The computer revolution and huge databases ranging from few Giga Bytes to Tera Bytes changed this scenario. For e.g. companies like Wal-Mart stores huge amount of sales transaction data, which can be used to analyze the customer buying patterns and make predictions(Bose and Mahapatra, 2001). Data warehousing technology has enabled the companies to store huge amount of data from multiple sources under a unified schema. Data mining has been considered to be a tool of business intelligence for knowledge discovery (Wang Wang, 2008). Many people consider data mining as Knowledge Discovery from Data (KDD), but it is actually a part of the larger process called knowledge discovery which describes the steps that must be taken to secure the desired results (Han and Jiawei, 2006). Typical data mining process implicates various iterative steps; the first step is the selection of appropriate data from a single database or multiple source systems followed by cleaning and preprocessing for consistency. The data is then analyzed to find patterns and correlations in the data. This approach compliments the other data analysis techniques like statistics, OLAP (On-line analytical processing) etc, (Bose and Mahapatra, 2001). Every organization follows a different data mining and modelling process to achieve their business imperatives. The Evolution of data mining It all started with the need to store the data in computers and improve the access to it for decision-making. Today the technology enables the users to access and navigate the real time data. At the beginning of 1960s, the data was collected for the purpose of making simple calculations to answer the business questions like the total average revenue for a specific period of time. In 1980s 1990s the usage of data warehouses to store data in a structured format emerged, policies regarding the format of data to be used in an organization were implemented (Therling.K, 1998). The data warehouses extended to be multi-dimensional that facilitates the stakeholder to drilldown and navigate through the data. Nowadays, online analytic tools assist to retrieve the data real-time. Now computers can query data from past to until the current. In recent years many technologies like statistics, AI (Artificial Intelligence) and machine learning have been evolving as core sectors in data mining field(Rygielski, Wang and Yen, 2002). So these technologies combined with relational database systems with data integration provide potential knowledge from the data. Data mining applications Data mining can be implied in many fields depending on the aim of the company. Some of the main areas in todays business world where data mining is applied are as follows (Apte.C. et al, 2002): Finance Telecom Marketing Web analysis Insurance Retail Medicine Data mining for CRM in retail supermarkets Swift (2001) defined CRM as an Enterprise approach to understanding and influencing customer behaviour through meaningful communications in order to improve customer acquisition, customer retention, customer loyalty, and customer profitability. According to research by the American management association It costs three to five times as much to acquire a new customer than to retain the existing one and is especially evident in services sector (Ennew Binks, 1996). Therefore it is very important to create a good relationship with the existing and new customer rather than expanding the customer base. A large number of companies are adopting various tools and strategies to enhance a more effective CRM, in order to gain an in-depth understanding about their customers. Data mining is a powerful new technique, which helps the companies to mine the patterns, trends and correlations in their large amounts of customer, product, or data, to drive improved customer relationships. It is one of the well-known tools given to customer relationship management (CRM) (Giudici Passerone, 2002). In the context of retail supermarket these patterns not only assists the retailers to offer high quality products and service to their customers, but also helps them to understand the changes in customer needs. Data mining applications for CRM in retail supermarkets Data mining improves customer relationship in retail supermarket, which is a wide area of research interest. Depending on the retailers objective, there are various application areas in which data mining can be applied to enhance customer relationship management. Some of the major data mining applications in retail supermarket, identified from literature are as follows: Cross-selling (Brijs et al 1999, Feng and Tsang, 1999) Product recommendation (Shih and Liu 2005, Li et al 2009) Customer behaviour modelling (Baydar.C 2003, Cadez, 2001) Shelf space allocation (Chen and Lin 2007, Chen et al 2006) Catalogue segmentation (Ester et al,2004, Lin and Hong, 2006) Direct marketing (Bhattacharyya, 1999, Prinzie and Poel, 2005) Prize optimization (Chen et al 2008, Kitts and Hetherington, 2005) THE DATA MINING PROCESS Ivancsy Vajk, (2006), defined the three main stages involved in the data mining process which are: (i) preprocessing, (ii) pattern discovery, (iii) pattern analysis/interpretation. Preprocessing Famili .A, (1997), defined data preprocessing as all the actions taken before the actual data analysis process starts. It is essentially a transformation T that transforms the raw real world data vectors Xik, to a set of new data vectors Yij. Yij = T (Xik) Such that: Yij preserves the valuable information in Xik, Yij eliminates at least one of the problems in Xik and Yij is more useful than Xik. In the above relation: i=1 n where n = number of objects, j=1 m where m = number of features after preprocessing, k=1. . . l where l = number of attributes/features before preprocessing, and in general, m ? l. The most common data used for mining the purchase behaviour in retail supermarket is customer and transaction data (Giudici and Passerone, 2002). With a huge collection of customers sales transaction data available in the databases, it is necessary to pre-process the data and extract the useful information from it. In the context of retail supermarkets Pinto et al, (2006), suggested four key tasks in data preprocessing, they are data selection, data cleaning, data transformation, and data understanding. The first preprocessing task is data selection. Here the subset of the data is identified on which pattern discovery is to be performed. This task is especially helpful in solving the problem of large amounts of data through precisely evaluating and categorizing the data into much smaller datasets. Computational requirements necessary for data analysis and manipulation are also hugely reduced by preprocessing large datasets through data selection techniques like clustering or vector quantization (Famili .A, 1997). The second is data cleaning where basic operations include removing noise and handling missing data (Fayyad et al, 1996). Other issues regarding the data quality like errors and insufficient attributes which may complicate data analysis are also addressed in data cleaning. In most cases missing attribute values are replaced by attribute mean but traditionally, if more than 20% of attribute values are missing, the entire record is eliminated (Famili .A, 1997). To handle the outliers and noise data, techniques like binning (partitioning the sorted attribute values into bins), clustering and regression are applied. The next preprocessing task is data transformation. The application of each data mining algorithm requires the presence of data in a mathematically feasible format (Crone et al, 2006). Inaccuracies in the measurements of input or incorrect feeding of data to the data mining algorithm could cause various problems. Since, operations such as normalization, aggregation, generalization and attribute construction are performed. Normalization deals with scaling the attribute value into a specific range, whereas aggregation and generalization refers to the summary of data in terms of numeric and nominal attributes. Attribute construction handles the replacement or addition of new attributes based on the existing attributes (Markov.Z and Larose.T.D, 2007). Once issues regarding the data are solved and the data are prepared, understanding the nature of data would be useful in many ways. According to Famili .A, (1997), the majority of the data analysis tools have some limitations regarding the data characteristics; therefore, it is important to recognize these characteristics for appropriate setup of data analysis process. He further pointed out that techniques like visualization and principal component analysis are useful for better understanding the data. Pattern discovery Fayyad et al, (1996), defined that core of the process is the application of specific data-mining methods for pattern discovery and extraction. Pattern discovery is the key stage of the process in this research, which is where the data is mined. Once the data is pre-processed, and the irrelevant information is eradicated, it is then used for mining, using data mining techniques to discover patterns. However, it is not the intent of this paper to describe all the available algorithms and techniques derived from these fields. This research focuses on two main data mining methods that to helps to mine the data and find patterns. They are Clustering and Association. The reason behind choosing these rules is justified below. Clustering Clustering can be defined as a technique to group together a set of items having similar characteristics (Kuo et.al, 2002). In retail domain, cluster analysis is a common tool to segment the customers on the basis of their similarity on a chosen segmentation base or set of bases (Stewart.D.W and Girish.P., 1983). The actual choice for one or a combination of these bases largely depends on the business question under study (Wind, Y., 1978). Segmentation can be done on the basis of various variables/bases, such as 1) general or product-specific, and 2) observable or non-observable as classified by wedel M and Kamakura (2000). General bases for segmentation are independent of products, services or circumstances, whereas product-specific bases for segmentation are related to the product, the customer or the circumstances. Observable segmentation bases can be measured directly, whereas non-observable bases must be inferred. The combination of classification of segmentation bases is shown below. Twedt, D.W., (1967) as cited in Engel.J.F et.al, (1972), stated that the existence of huge amounts of transaction data in retail supermarket domain provides a great impetus for segmentation on the basis of purchase frequencies. Segmentation based on this divides customers into groups on their intensity of buying a product(s), such as light, medium and heavy buyers. According to Brijs.T, (2002), if customers are classified by their purchase frequency, these segments could then be treated differently in terms of marketing communication (pricing, promotion, product recommendation etc.) to achieve greater return of investment (ROI) and customer satisfaction. Therefore, in this research clustering is employed to segment the customers into various clusters on the basis of their similarity in purchase frequency. Several algorithms have been proposed in the literature for clustering, such as ISODATA, CLARA, CLARANS, ScaleKM, P-CLUSTER, DBSCAN, Ejcluster, BIRCH and GRIDCLUS (Kanungo.T. et al, 2002). It is not the objective of this research to use all these algorithms for clustering. However, as discussed earlier, k-means clustering algorithm would be used to cluster and its justification is given below. k-Means Clustering Algorithm The K-means has been considered as one of the most effective algorithms in producing good clustering results for many practical applications (Alsabti et.al, 1998). The main reason behind this is, when clustering is done for the purpose of data reduction, the goal is not to find the best partitioning, but simply needs a reasonable consolidation of N data points into k clusters, and, if necessary, some efficient way to improve the quality of the initial partitioning (Faber, 1994). Therefore, k-means algorithm proves to be very effective in data reduction and produces a good clustering output. The k-means algorithm clusters the data that are similar into various clusters namely Cluster 0, Cluster 1 to Cluster n (Kanungo et.al, 2002). Provided a set of n data points in real d dimensional space (Rd) and an integer k, the aim is to determine k points in Rd, called the centers, so as to minimize the mean squared distance from each data point to its nearest center. This measure is often called as squared-error distortion (Jain Dubes, 1988). The diagram below illustrates the standard k-means algorithm. It shows the results during two iterations in the partitioning of nine two-dimensional data points into two well separated clusters. Points in cluster 1 are shown in red, points in cluster 2 are shown in black; data points are denoted by open circles and reference points by filled circles. Clusters are indicated by dashed lines. The iteration converges quickly to the correct clustering; even there was a bad initial choice of reference points. Lloyds algorithm is another popular version for K-means clustering which requires about the same amount of computation for a single pass through all the data points, or a single iteration, like the standard K-means algorithm (Faber, 1994). Lloyds algorithm is similar to standard k-means algorithm, except when the cluster centroids are chosen as reference points in subsequent partition; the centroids are adjusted both during and after each partition. However, the k-means algorithm constantly updates the clusters and requires comparatively less iterations than Lloyds algorithm, thus, k- means algorithm is considerably faster. This is the key reason that leads to the selection of k-means algorithm, since it can group the customers which have similar purchase frequency into different clusters in less iterations. However, Faber, (1994), pointed two major drawbacks to this algorithm. Firstly, it is computationally inefficient for large datasets. Secondly- although the algorithm will always produce the desired number of clusters, the centroids of these clusters may not be particularly representative of the data. Association Rules Association rule discovery was proposed to find all rules in a basket data to analyze how items purchased by customer in a shop are related (Gery Haddad, 2003). The rule refers to the discovery of attribute value associations that occur frequently together within a given data set (Han Kamber, 2001). It is typically used for market basket analysis to discover rules of the form x% of customers who buy item A and B, also buy item C (Zaiane, 2001) and is an implication of the form (A, B) à ¨C. Some of the key definitions drawn from literature that characterize association rule technique are provided below (Agarwal, Imielinski and Swami, 1993). Itemset (i) Set of items that contain in a single transaction (e.g. {milk, sugar, curd}) Support (s) The support expresses the percentage of transactions in the data that contain both the items in the antecedent and the consequent of the rule. Confidence (c) Confidence estimates the conditional probability of B given A, i.e. P (B |A) and it can be calculated as Confidence (c) =s (A B) / s (A). Association rule discovery typically involves a two phased sequential methodology (Brijs T., 2002). Finding frequent itemsets The first phase involves looking for so-called frequent itemsets, i.e. itemsets for which the support in the database equals or exceeds the minimum support threshold set by the user. This is computationally the most complex phase because of the number of possible combinations of items that need to be tested for their support. Generating association rules Once all frequent itemsets are known, the discovery of association rules is comparatively straightforward. The general scheme is that, if ABCD and AB are frequent itemsets, then it can be calculated whether the rule AB à ¨ CD holds with sufficient confidence by computing the ratio confidence = s (ABCD) / s (AB). If the confidence of the rule equals or exceeds the minconf threshold set by the user, then it is a valid rule. For an itemset of size k, there are potentially 2k-2 confident rules. Association rules can help to discover frequently purchased combinations of products within a customer segment and provide customised service by promoting certain products or product combinations to the defined segments (Brijs T. et al, 2001). Therefore, in this research, frequent itemsets for each customer cluster will be generated and their combinations are compared to identify the differences in purchase behaviour to provide customised service. Traditionally, support and confidence are used in association rule discovery, but Aggarwal Yu, (1998), criticized this support-confidence framework for association rule discovery for the following main reasons. First of all, setting good values for the support and confidence parameters in association rule mining is critical. For example, setting the support threshold too low will lead to the generation of more frequent itemsets. But even if they would be statistically significant, their support is usually too low to have a significant influence. On the other hand, setting the support threshold too high increases the probability of finding insignificant relations and of missing some important associations between items. Further Agarwal Yu, (1998); Brin et al., (1998), as cited in Brijs.T,(2003), introduced the lift (also called interest) measure to overcome the disadvantage of confidence in not taking the baseline frequency of the consequent into account. Lift/Interest (l) Lift is computed as the confidence of the rule divided by the support of the right-hand-side (RHS). In other words, lift is the ratio of the probability that A and B occur together to the multiple of the two individual probabilities for A and B. Lift (l) = s (A B) / s (A).s (B) In order to perform predictive analysis, it is useful to discover interesting patterns in the given dataset that serve as the base for future trends. The best and most popular algorithm used for this analysis is called the Apriori algorithm (Varde et.al, 2004). Apriori Algorithm The Apriori algorithm was proposed by Agarwal et.al, (1994) (Varde et.al, 2004). The algorithm finds frequent items in a given data set using the anti-monotone constraint (Petrucelli et.al, 1999), as cited in Varde et.al, 2004). It works under the principle that all subsets of a frequent itemset must also be frequent. In other words, if at least one subset of an itemset is not frequent, the itemset can never be frequent anymore. This principle simplifies the discovery of frequent itemsets significantly because for some itemsets, it can be determined that they can never be frequent before checking their support against the data anymore. This is the key reason to select this algorithm, since the association rules for the items can be discovered more quickly and efficiently. Given a data set, the problem of association rule mining is to generate all rules that have support and confidence greater than a user-specified minimum support and minimum confidence respectively. Candidate sets having k items can be generated by joining large sets having k-1 items, and deleting those that contain a subset that is not large (where large refers to support above minimum support). Frequent sets of items with minimum support form the basis for deriving association rules with minimum confidence. For A à ¨ B to hold with confidence C, C% of the transactions having A must also have B. Though the algorithm is very efficient in association rule mining, it has certain drawbacks, found by Margahny Shakour, (2006). After discovering the 4-frequent itemsets this algorithm needs extra data structure and methods to process, since the further itemsets can be obtained by different ways. This method is fast only while handling small data. There are several tools available for clustering and association rule mining such as ARMiner, Clementine (SPSS), Enterprise Miner (SAS), Intelligent Miner (IBM), Decision Series (NeoVista). To mine association rules, WEKA is used, which is a collection of machine learning algorithms for data mining tasks and SPSS statistics 17.0 for clustering. WEKA is an open source software available online and very efficient in mining large datasets, where as SPSS statistics 17.0 is a statistical analysis package available at Brunel university computer labs. Pattern Analysis Pattern analysis means understanding the results obtained by the algorithms and drawing conclusions. This is the last phase in data mining process, where the uninteresting rules or patterns from the set found in the pattern discovery phase are filtered out (Cooley et.al, 2000). The uninteresting patterns are filtered out by applying appropriate methodologies on the results and produce some interesting statistical patterns. SUMMARY This chapter discussed the concept of data mining, its evolution and applications in todays business world. Then, it provided an overview regarding the role of data mining in retail supermarkets to improve customer relationships, followed by a discussion about the typical data mining approach. It also discussed the techniques and algorithms implied in this project and the reason for their choice. The following chapter will explain about the research approach followed in this dissertation. CHAPTER 3 : RESEARCH APPROACH Introduction This chapter will discuss about the research approach employed in this project. It starts with a discussion about the research and literature review methods, followed by the data collection and justification of data mining approach on the data. Research Methods The research approach depends upon the objectives and aim of the study, as it assists the researcher to elicit appropriate responses. Boyatzis (1998) defines research methods as taxonomic procedure used for problem solving where, first data is collected based on the research question, hypotheses are stated, data analysis is carried out using appropriate techniques, results are interpreted and conclusions are derived. According to Hussey et al (1997), research methods can be distinguished in two types they are Qualitative and Quantitative approach. Oates (2006) says that, quantitative research method is the data or evidence on numbers whereas qualitative research method includes all non-numeric. In this research, quantitative research methodology is used. Quantitative study makes use of the numeric data that has been collected from a group of people interested in the subject area which is then analysed and interprete