History Of The American Drug War Essays - Drug Policy,

History of the American Drug War The first act of America's anti-drug laws was in 1875. It outlawed the smoking of opium in opium dens. This was a San Francisco ordinance. The basis on passing this law was that Chinese men had a way of luring white women to their dens and causing their "ruin", which was the association with Chinese men. Later, other Federal laws such as trafficking in opium was illegal for anyone of Chinese origin. The opium laws were directed at the smoking of opium. The law didn't effect importation of the drug because opium was a common medical drug. This law was specifically targeted at the Chinese, for the smoking of opium was a Chinese custom. Cocaine was outlawed for fears that black men would go on a sexual rampage and rape white women. In the early 1900's, newspapers referred to them as "Negro Cocaine Fiends" or "Cocainized Niggers". There is little evidence that this actually happened. The Harrison Act had started as a licensing law which required sellers to obtain a license if they were going to handle opiates or cocaine. The law contains a provision that nothing in the law would prohibit doctors from prescribing these drugs in the legitimate practice of medicine. The people who wrote the Harrison Act and Marijuana Tax Act in 1937, agreed that a prohibition on what people could put into their bodies was an unconstitutional infringement on personal liberties. Marijuana was outlawed in 1937. The reason for it being outlawed was that the plant had a violent effect on the degenerate races. The American Medical Association testified that they were opposed to the law. The law would never have passed without the endorsement from the AMA, but when the supporters of the law were asked about the AMA's view on the floor of congress, they had stated that the AMA was all for it. When the law had passed, the AMA protested, but the law was never repealed. It is difficult to determine how many people in the US use drugs. The Federal Government's Household Survey on Drug Abuse, is the most common set of statistics on the use of drugs. According to the latest surveys, conducted by the DEA, there are about 12.7 million people who have used an illegal drug in the past month, and about 30 - 40 million people who have used an illegal drug in the past year. Among the 12.7 people who have used an illegal drug in the past month, about 10 million are casual drug users and about 2.7 million are drug addicts. The figures produced by the Household Survey on Drug Abuse are obtained over the phone. Therefore, there was a problem reaching those without phones, those who didn't answer their phones, and those who answered the question honestly. Other surveys put the figures at least twice as high. Currently, there are about 1.5 million people in state and Federal prisons and jails throughout the US At least 24 states are under Federal court orders to relieve prison overcrowding. Prison population had been relatively stable from about 1926 to about 1970. From that point, Nixon's war against drugs, then the Reagan and Bush war against drugs, caused a dramatic increase in the number of prisoners. The estimated 30 - 40 million people who have used an illegal drug in the past year, would fill a prison holding the populations of California, Arizona and New Mexico altogether. The cost of holding a single one of these persons would be about $450,000. The cost for the arrest and the conviction is about $150,000. The cost for an additional bed would be anywhere from $50,000 to $150,000, depending upon the jurisdiction. It costs about $30,000 per year to house a prisoner, with an average sentence of five years, adding up to be $150,000. The estimated $450,000 (out of taxpayers money), can provide treatment or education for about 200 people. Out of the percentage of people in prison, 59.6% are in prison for a drug offenses. The war on drugs could be won if we were successful in at least one of three areas. If we could stop drug production in other countries, if we could stop drugs

Pricing Decision Essay Essays

Pricing Decision Essay Essays Pricing Decision Essay Essay Pricing Decision Essay Essay Companies in their enterprise to win in the extremely competitory and dynamic market are now sing a clear focal point on their selling schemes. This is in order that they may stay relevant in the fast changing concern environment. market conditions and consumer penchants. It is of import that a company considers the effects of the alterations in the concern environment including monetary value fluctuations initiated by its rivals This is best done by first analysing the monetary values offered by the rivals visa vie the company’s cost construction and the competitor’s opportunities to alter in response to the company’s new monetary value offers ( Kotler 2003. p 66 ) . Pricing Strategies The company needs to calculate out the best scheme to implement in order to accomplish the optimal monetary values for its merchandises. To originate cost-cutting with a position to better on the profitableness of the company the company must hold an apprehension of the type of cost that it needs to pull off. This will be to a big extent influenced by its manner of direction. beginnings of professional advice. the broader vision of the company’s ends. communicating scheme. and company’s capitalisation in relation to debt-equity ratio and the cost of borrowing ( Sherman 2007. p 3-4 ) . The company besides needs to understand the several types of costs that it incurs. The assorted types of costs are research and development costs. the operating expenses and administrative costs. human capital costs including wellness attention costs. wages and employee benefits. substructure and system costs. advertisement and promotional costs. fixed and variable costs. and debt-servicing costs. The bottom line is to exhaustively analyze each of these cost classs and weigh their importance to the company’s concern operations. see more efficient available options. and the possible deductions of the cost decrease scheme ( Sherman 2007. p5 A ; 9 ) . A company such as Wal-Mart that has for old ages been in front of its rivals by offering the lowest monetary values for its goods. Wal-Mart is able to pull off favourable monetary value cuts by implementing monetary value cut schemes such as endeavouring to cut down its costs by prosecuting a revenue enhancement decrease scheme. This has been through its investings in Real Estate Investment Trusts ( REITs ) in order to work revenue enhancement loopholes and avoid some of the revenue enhancements levied in peculiar provinces ( Moore 2007. p. 2 ) . Having accomplished the above cost decrease scheme. the company may the come up with appropriate pricing for its merchandises. This is done by first understanding pricing methods. There are six pricing methods that would take to an informed determination in repairing monetary values. These are markup pricing method. the mark return pricing method. perceived value method of pricing. value based pricing. the going-rate method of pricing and the sealed-bid method of pricing ( Kotler 2003. P 66 ) . Deductions of Price Cuts and Conclusion The monetary value of the merchandise or service is a major factor that influences customer’s purchase determination is the selling mix. A combination of the cost decrease scheme and an appropriate pricing scheme is more likely to profit the company and enable it achieve a competitory advantage over its rivals. By following market antiphonal cost film editing schemes in the communicating industry. companies in bend helped make a better manner of life whereby clients are now able to pass on more frequently and at lower monetary values Salazar 2007. p. 1 ) . This translates to increased net incomes to the service suppliers as they are able to sell more units than earlier. Mentions Kotler. P. ( 2003 ) . Marketing Management. 11th Ed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Moore. M. ( 2007 ) . Taxing Schemes: Always Cuting Monetary values. Wal-Mart Attempts to Rollback Taxes. Retrieved March 8. 2009 from hypertext transfer protocol: //walmartwatch. com/img/blog/NIMSP_tax_strategies. pdf Salazar. L. C. Cost Cutting Strategies at the Bottom of the Pyramid. Retrieved March 8. 2009 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. lirneasia. net/wp-content/uploads/2007/03/2-lcs-shoestrings-sing-28feb07. pps Sherman. A. J. ( 2007 ) . Schemes for Cuting Costss and Improving Profitability. Retrieved March 8. 2009 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. sbecouncil. org/uploads/PPT % 20Cost % 20Cutting % 20for % 20Growth % 20and % 20Profitability. ppt